Tubulysins, method for producing the same and tubulysin preparations

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a compound of the following general formula (tubulysin)  
                 
 
having the following meanings for R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z: 
     R=H, C 1-4 alkyl, aryl, OR 1 , NR 1 R 2  or NH—(CH 2 ) 2-4      R 1 =H, C 1-6 alkyl or aryl    R 2 =H, C 1-6 alkyl or aryl    S=H, Hal, NO 2  or NHR 3      U=H, Hal, NO 2  or NHR 3      R 3 =H, HCO or C 1-4 alkyl-CO    T=H or OR 4      R 4 =H, C 1-4 alkyl, aryl, COR 5 , P(O)(OR 6 ) 2  or SO 3 R 6      R 5 =C 1-6 alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl    R 6 =H, alkyl or a metal ion    V=H, OR 7 , Hal or (for W=O)O    R 7 =H, C 1-4 alkyl or COR 8      R5=C 1-4 alkyl, alkenyl or aryl    W=H or C 1-4 alkyl or (for V=O) O    X=H, C 1-4 alkyl, alkenyl or CH 2 OR 9      R 9 =H, C 1-4 alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR 10      R 10 =C 1-6 alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl    Y=(for Z=CH 3  or COR 11 ) free electron pair or (for Z=CH 3 )O    R 11 =C 1-4 alkyl, CF 3  or aryl and/or    Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH 3  or (for Y=free electron pair) COR 11 .

Tubulysins are known as compounds of the following general formula; cf., for example, F. Sasse, H. Steinmetz, J. Heil, G. Höfle, H. Reichenbach, J. Antibiot. 2000, 53, 579-558, and H. Reichenbach, G. Höfle, F. Sasse, H. Steinmetz (GBF), DE 196 38 870 A1 , 1996.

R R¹ 1 Tubulysin A iso-C₄H₉ OH 2 Tubulysin B C₃H₇ OH 3 Tubulysin C C₂H₅ OH 4 Tubulysin D iso-C₄H₉ H 5 Tubulysin E C₃H₇ H 6 Tubulysin F C₂H₅ H

The problem of the invention is to make available new tubulysins, processes for the preparation thereof and preparations comprising tubulysins, especially as cytostatic agents.

An embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of the following general formula I (tubulysin):

R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z having the following meanings:

-   R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or NH—(CH₂)₂₋₄— -   R¹=H, alkyl or aryl -   R²=H, alkyl or aryl -   S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ -   U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ -   R³=H, HCO or C₁₋₄alkyl-CO -   T=H or OR⁴ -   R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ -   R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl -   R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion -   V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W) O -   R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ -   R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl -   W=H or alkyl or (with V) O -   X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ -   R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ -   R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl -   Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O -   R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or -   Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair)     COR¹¹.

Alkyl may be branched, unbranched or cyclic C₁₋₂₀alkyl, especially C₁₋₇alkyl, preferably C₁₋₆alkyl and more preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl. Cycloalkyl has preferably from 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the ring.

Alkenyl groups may be branched, unbranched or cyclic C₂₋₂₀alkenyl, especially C₂₋₇alkenyl, preferably C₂₋₆alkenyl and more preferably C₂₋₄alkenyl, especially vinyl, allyl, propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, but-1-en-3-yl, but-1-en-4-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-propen-1-yl, 2-methyl- propen-3-yl. Cycloalkenyl has preferably from 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the ring. The number of double bonds in the alkenyl groups may be from 1 to 3.

Aryl may be phenyl, naphthyl and biphenylyl.

Heteroaryl may be furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl and pyrimidinyl.

Alkyl, alkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be unsubstituted or substituted; accordingly they may carry, in any position, from 1 to 3 substituents from the group formed by C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy, amino (NH₂) and nitro (NO₂).

A compound according to the invention may accordingly have:

-   R, R¹, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and/or R¹¹=unsubstituted or substituted     phenyl, especially -   C₁₋₄alkyl-substituted phenyl -   R⁵=C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₄alkenyl or pyridyl -   R⁵ and/or X=C₂₋₄alkenyl -   R⁶=an alkali metal ion, especially the Na ion, or an alkaline earth     metal ion -   R⁸ and/or R⁹=C₂₋₄alkenyl and/or -   R¹⁰=C₂₋₆alkenyl, especially C₂₋₄alkenyl, or pyridyl.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 1) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 7) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the following general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6):

wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to ester cleavage in an acidic medium and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the ester cleavage can be carried out in an organic solvent, especially dioxane, in the presence of an acid, especially hydrogen chloride, and/or at elevated temperature.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 1) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 8) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to acetal cleavage and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the acetal cleavage can be carried out in an acidic medium, especially in the presence of hydrochloric acid, and/or at elevated temperature.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 1) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 9) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) wherein V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to ester cleavage in a weakly alkaline medium and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the ester cleavage can be carried out in an organic medium, especially a hydrophilic organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, especially methanol, in the presence of a weak base, especially NH₃.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 1) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 10) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=H, X=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula 11 (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) wherein V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to double ester cleavage in a strongly alkaline medium and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the double ester cleavage can be carried out in an organic medium, especially in a hydrophilic organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, especially methanol, in the presence of a strong base, especially an alkali metal hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 1) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the following general formula III (type 11):

wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V with X=CH₂O bridge, W=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃ in the general formula I, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to ring formation with double ester cleavage in an acidic medium and the compound of the general formula above having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the ring formation can be carried out in an aqueous medium, in the presence of an inorganic acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, and with heating.

A further embodiment (scheme 2) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 12) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵, R⁵=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=R⁵, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the following general formula IV (type 7):

wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to acylation and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the acylation can be carried out using an acyl halide, especially an acyl chloride, and/or in the presence of a weak base, especially a weak organic base, preferably a tertiary amine, especially triethylamine.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 2) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 13) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process hydrolysis is carried out in an alkaline medium on a product according to the invention wherein T=OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵ and R⁵=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above, and a compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the hydrolysis can be carried out using ammonia.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 3) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 14) wherein R=DR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl or aryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) is subjected to ester cleavage and is alkylated and a compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the reaction can be carried out using an alkylating agent of formula R⁹OH wherein R⁹=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl.

In the process according to the invention, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of p—CH₃—C₆H₄SO₂OH in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at elevated temperature.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 4) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 15) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H or COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₃, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula IV (type 7) wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to reduction and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the reduction can be carried out using NaCNBH₃ and trifluoroacetic acid in methanol (MeOH).

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 4) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 15) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H or COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₃, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula III (type 11) is subjected to ring opening with reduction or to reduction with ring opening and a compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of NaCNBH₃ and Me₃SiCl in acetonitrile (CH₃CN).

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 5) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 16) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula I according to the invention (type 9) wherein V=OR⁷ and R⁷=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to acylation and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the acylation can be carried out using an acyl halide of formula R⁸COCl wherein R⁸=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, especially an acyl chloride, and/or in the presence of a base, especially an organic base, preferably a trialkylamine, especially triethylamine.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 5) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 17) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=H or F, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula I according to the invention (type 9) wherein V=OR⁷ and R⁷=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation or fluorination and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, for V=H, the hydrogenation can be carried out using palladium-on-carbon in the presence of acetic acid or, for V=F, the fluorination can be carried out using DAST in tetrahydrofuran.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 5) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 18) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V with W=O, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula I according to the invention (type 9) wherein V=OR⁷ and R⁷=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to oxidation with formation of a ketone and a compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the oxidation can be carried out in the presence of TPAP and NMO in dichloromethane.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 5) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 19) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a product of the above process according to the invention (type 18) is reacted with a Grignard compound to form the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings.

In the process according to the invention, the reaction can be carried out using an organomagnesium compound of formula WMgHal wherein W=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 5) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 19) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process

-   (i) in a first step a process according to the invention is carried     out and a compound according to the invention (type 18) is obtained     and then -   (ii) in a second step the resulting compound according to the     invention (type 18) is reacted in a further process according to the     invention to form a compound of the general formula I having the     indicated meanings and that compound is obtained.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 6) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 20) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or a product of a process according to the invention (type 13) is subjected to alkylation or alkenylation and a compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the alkylation or alkenylation can be carried out in the presence of EDC, R¹OH wherein R¹=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, and DMAP in methylene chloride.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 6) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 21) wherein R=NHR¹, NH-NR¹R², NHOR¹ or NH(CH₂)₂₋₄NR¹R², R¹ and R² each independently of the other=H, alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or a product of a process according to the invention (type 13) is subjected to amination using a compound of formula RH, R having the indicated meanings, and a compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the reaction can be carried out

(i) in the presence of EDC in methylene chloride or

(ii) in the presence of isobutyl chloroformate and triethylamine in THF.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 6) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 22) wherein R=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or a product of a process according to the invention (type 13) is reacted with an organolithium compound of formula RLi having the indicated meaning for R to form the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 6) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 23) wherein R=amino radical of 1-(2-amino-C₂₋₄alkyl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl and especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or a product of a process according to the invention (type 13) is subjected to amination using 1-(2-amino-C₂₋₄alkyl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the amination can be carried out in the presence of EDC in methylene chloride.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 7) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 24) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=P(O)(OR⁶)₂ wherein R⁶=H or alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or R⁴=SO₃R⁶ wherein R⁶=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2 or 3) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is reacted with

-   (a) a compound of formula P(O)(OR⁶)₂OH wherein R⁶=H or alkyl and     especially C₁₋₄alkyl or -   (b) SO₃     and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated     meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the variant (a) can be carried out in the presence of I₂ and pyridine in methylene chloride.

In the process according to the invention, the variant (b) can be carried out using pyridine-SO₃.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 7) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 25) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵, R⁵=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or N(R¹²)₂, R¹²=alkyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, in which process

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2 or 3) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to acylation and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the acylation can be carried out using an acyl halide of formula R⁵COCl wherein R⁵=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or N(R¹²)₂ and R¹²=alkyl, especially using an acyl chloride, in the presence of an organic base, especially a trialkylamine, preferably triethylamine, in an organic solvent, especially THF.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 7) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 26) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2 or 3) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to alkylation and the compound of the general formula according to claim 1 having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the alkylation can be carried out using an alkyl iodide of formula R⁴I wherein R⁴=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl in the presence of a weak base, especially Ag₂O, in an organic solvent, especially methylene chloride.

In the process according to the invention, methylation can be carried out using diazomethane in an organic solvent, especially methanol.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 7) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 27) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a product of a process according to the invention (type 26) is subjected to partial dealkylation or dealkenylation enzymatically and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, an esterase, especially pig liver esterase, can be used as the enzyme.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 7) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 27) R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl or alkenyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, in which process

-   (a) in a first step

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2 or 3) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to a process according to the invention and a compound according to the invention (type 26) is obtained and

-   (b) in a second step the resulting compound according to the     invention (type 26) is reacted in a further process according to the     invention to form a compound of the general formula I having the     indicated meanings and that compound is obtained.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 8) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 28 and, as the case may be, 29) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H or Hal, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=Hal, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, in which process

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to halogenation or dihalogenation in the position ortho to the T substituent and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the halogenation can be carried out in the presence of C₅Cl₅NF-triflate, SO₂Cl₂, NBS and ICl.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 8) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 30) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NO₂, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to nitration in the position ortho to the T substituent and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the nitration can be carried out using an alkali metal nitrite, especially sodium nitrite, and acetic acid in the presence of an organic solvent, especially ethanol.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 8) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 31) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NH₂, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a product of a process according to the invention (type 30) is subjected to catalytic reduction and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the reduction can be carried out using elemental hydrogen in the presence of palladium on activated carbon, especially in an organic solvent, preferably ethanol.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 8) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 31) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NH₂, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process

(a) in a first step

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to a further process according to the invention and a compound according to the invention (type 30) is obtained and

-   (b) in a second step the resulting product (type 30) is subjected to     a further process according to the invention and the compound of the     general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 8) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 32) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NHR³, R³=alkyl-CO and especially C₁₋₄alkyl-CO, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, in which process a product of a process according to the invention (type 31) is subjected to alkylation and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the alkylation can be carried out using an acid anhydride of formula (R³)₂O wherein R³=CO-C₁₋₄alkyl.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 8) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 32) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NHR³, R³=alkyl-CO and especially C₁₋₄alkyl-CO, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, in which process

(a) in an optional first step

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to a further process according to the invention,

-   (b) in a second step the resulting product (type 30) is subjected to     a further process according to the invention and -   (c) in a third step the resulting compound according to the     invention (type 31) is subjected to a further process according to     the invention and     the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings     is obtained.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 9) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 33) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=O and Z=CH₃, in which process

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13)

is subjected to a reaction for formation of an N-oxide and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the N-oxide formation can be carried out using m-CPBA in an organic solvent, especially methylene chloride.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 9) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 34) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair, Z=COR¹¹and R¹¹=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, in which process the product of a process according to the invention (type 33) is reacted with an acylating agent and the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.

In the process according to the invention, the acylation can be carried out using an acid anhydride, especially acetic anhydride, preferably at elevated temperature.

A further embodiment of the invention (scheme 9) relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 34) wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl and especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair, Z=COR¹¹ and R¹¹=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, in which process

(a) in a first step

(i) a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) or

(ii) a product of a process according to the invention (type 13) is subjected to a process according to the invention and

(b) in a second step the resulting product (type 33) is subjected to a further process according to the invention and

the compound of the general formula according to claim 1 having the indicated meanings is obtained.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to a therapeutic preparation, especially a cytostatic agent, comprising one or more compounds according to the invention as active ingredient in addition to one or more optional customary carriers and/or one or more optional customary diluents.

Finally, an embodiment of the invention relates to a therapeutic preparation, especially a cytostatic agent, comprising one or more products of a process according to the invention as active ingredient in addition to one or more optional customary carriers and/or one or more optional customary diluents.

The invention is described hereinbelow in greater detail by means of Examples.

Tubulysin derivative 7a: R¹=OH (scheme 1)

9.9 mg (11.7 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 200 μl of dioxane and 1 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 8 hours. The mixture was then lyophilised and the residue subjected to preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O 35/65 with 50 mM NH4Ac, pH=6.5), whereupon 5.3 mg (59%) of 7a were obtained.

R_(f) 0.55; [α]²² _(D)-7.0 (c 0.89 MeOH); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) nm (Igε) 226 (4.13), 250 (3.91); IR (KBr): ν_(max) 3386, 2963, 2934, 1655, 1546, 1232 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ 600 MHz): as tubulysin A (1) except Tuv δ8.06 (1H, s, H-3), 6.18 (1H, d, J=11.9 Hz, H-11b), 5.37 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz, H-11a), 4.63 (1H, br, H-5), 4.10 (1H, br, H-7), 2.20 (1H, m, H-6b), 1.99 (1H, m, H-8), 1.98 (1H, m, H-6a), 1.91 (1H, m, H-2′b), 1.48 (1H, m, H-3′b), 1.44 (1H, m, H-3′a), 1.42 (1H, m, H-2′a), 0.92 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, H-9), 0.80 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, H4′), 0.73 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz, H-10); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆ 150 MHz): as tubulysin A (1) except Tuv δ 178.0 (s, C-4), 174.4 (s, C-1′), 160.0 (s, C-1), 149.6 (s, C-2), 123.0 (d, C-3), 68.0 (t, C-11), 67.5 (d, C-5), 55.0 (d, C-7), 37.4 (t, C-2′), 35.7 (t, C-6), 30.6 (d, C-8), 20.1 (q, C-9), 19.5 (q, C-10), 17.7 (t, C-3′), 13.3 (q, C-4′); DCI MS: m/z [M+H]⁺ 760 (4); HRMS (DCI): C₃₈H₅₈N₅O₉S: 760.3917 [M+H⁺](calc.: 760.3955).

Tubulysin derivative 8a: R¹=OH (scheme 1)

500 μl of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid were added to 20.0 mg (23.7 μmol) of tubulysin A (1). The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at 100° C., was then cooled and was neutralised (pH=7) using saturated NaHCO₃ solution. Extraction was then carried out three times using ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases were concentrated. The crude product was purified by means of preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O 35/65 with 50 mM NH₄Ac, pH=6.5), whereupon 6.4 mg (37%) of 8a, 2.7 mg (15%) of 7a and 5.1 mg (31%) of 10a were obtained.

8a:

R_(f) 0.55; [β]²² _(D)-10.2 (c 1.0 MeOH); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) nm (Igε) 225 (4.10), 250 (3.94); IR (KBr): ν_(max) 3389, 3251, 2962, 2934, 1658, 1547, 1228 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ 600 MHz): as tubulysin A (1) except Tuv δ8.17 (1H, s, H-3), 7.92 (1H, br, NH-7), 5.76 (1H, dd, J=10.5, 3.0 Hz, H-5), 3.86 (1H, m, H-7), 2.13 (1H, m, H-6b), 2.09 (3H, s, H-50Ac), 1.95 (1H, m, H-6a), 1.73 (1H, m, H-8), 0.84 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, H-10), 0.83 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz, H-9), Ile δ 7.54 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz, NH-2), 4.18 (1H, dd, J=9.1 Hz, H-2), 1.75 (IH, m, H-3), 1.48 (1H, m, H-4b), 1.07 (1H, m, H-4a), 0.85 (3H, m, H-6), 0.81 (3H, m, H-5); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆ 150 MHz): as tubulysin A (1) except Tuv δ 169.6 (s, C-50 Ac), 169.6 (s, C-4), 159.8 (s, C-1), 149.8 (s, C-2), 124.0 (d, C-3), 69.5 (d, C-5), 49.5 (d, C-7), 36.4 (t, C-6), 31.7 (d, C-8), 20.6 (q, C-50Ac), 18.9 (q, C-9), 18.0 (q, C-10), Ile δ 171.1 (s, C-1), 56.7 (d, C-2), 36.2 (d, C-3), 24.3 (t, C-4), 15.6 (q, C-6), 10.6 (q, C-5); DCI MS: m/z [M+H⁺] 730 (100), 672 (15); HRMS (DCI): C₃₇H₅₆N₅O₈S: 730.3839 [M+H]⁺ (calc.: 730.3850).

Tubulysin derivative 9a: R=iso-C₄H₉, R¹=OH (scheme 1)

9.6 mg (11.4 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 1 ml of methanol and, at intervals of three hours, 10 μl (133.6 μmol) of 25% ammonia were added on each occasion and stirring was carried out at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to pH 5 using 18% hydrochloric acid and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were concentrated and purified by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 85/15). 2.5 mg (27%) of 9a, 2.3 mg (29%) of 10a and 1.7 mg (18%) of 1 were isolated.

9a:

ESI MS (1 eV): 802 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 600 MHz): δ=4.63 (br, 1H, H-5), 4.10 (br, 1H, H-7), 2.20 (m, 1H, H-6b), 1.99 (m, 1H, H-8), 1.98 (m, 1H, H-6a).

Tubulysin derivative 10a: R¹=OH (scheme 1)

5.4 mg (6.8 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 300 μl of methanol, 67.0 μl of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution (67.6 μmol) were added and stirring was carried out for 15 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and adjusted to pH 7 using 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. After extracting three times with ethyl acetate, the combined organic phases were concentrated. The residue was purified by means of preparative HPLC (CH₃CN/H₂O 35/65 with 50 mM NH₄Ac, pH=6.5), whereupon 2.5 mg (57%) of 10a were obtained.

R_(f) 0.40; [α]²² _(D)-3.0 (c 0.66 MeOH); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) nm (Ig ε) 225, (4.12), 250 (3.92); IR (KBr): ν_(max) 3376 cm⁻¹, 3285, 2960, 2929, 1656, 1547; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ 600 MHz): as tubulysin A (1) except Tuv δ 8.06 (1H, s, H-3), 7.67 (1H, br, NH-7), 4.65 (1H, ddbr, J=8.7 Hz, H-5), 3.97 (1H, m, H-7), 1.98 (1H, m, H-6b), 1.79 (1H, m, H-6a), 1.74 (1H, m, H-8), 0.85 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz, H-9), 0.84 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz, H-10), Ile δ 7.75 (1H, br, NH-2), 4.15 (1H, dd, J=8.6 Hz, H-2), 1.81 (1H, m, H-3), 1.55 (1H, m, H-4b), 1.11 (1H, m, H-4a), 0.86 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, H-6), 0.80 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz, H-5); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆150 MHz): as tubulysin A (1) except Tuv δ 177.9 (s, C₁₋₄), 160.1 (s, C-1), 149.7 (s, C-2), 122.8 (d, C-3), 67.9 (d, C-5), 50.3 (d, C-7), 40.5 (t, C-6), 31.8 (d, C-8), 19.0 (q, C-9), 18.1 (q, C-10), Ile δ 171.4 (s, C-1), 57.1 (d, C-2), 36.2 (d, C-3), 24.6 (t, C-4), 15.6 (q, C-6), 10.4 (q, C-5); DCI MS: m/z [M+H⁺] 688 (100), 256 (12), 223 (6), 98 (4); HRMS (DCI): C₃₅H₅₄N₅O₇S: 688.3799 [M+H]⁺(calc.: 688.3744).

Methyl ester of tubulysin derivative 10a:

2.5 mg (3.6 μmol) of 10a were dissolved in 200 μl of methanol; ethereal diazomethane solution was added and stirring was carried out for 10 minutes at room temperature. Purification was carried out directly by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 85/15) and yielded 2.8 mg (62%) of the methyl ester of 10a.

R_(f) (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 85/15): 0.32; IR (KBr): {overscore (ν)}=3380 cm⁻¹(m), 2960 (s), 2931 (s), 2872 (w), 1743 (w), 1659 (vs), 1516 (m), 1371 (w), 1229 (s), 1092 (w); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=204 nm (4.53), 226 (4.27), 244 (sh, 4.01), 276 (sh, 3.38); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 702 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=1.18 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 3.64 (s, 3 H, Tut 11-H).

Cyclotubulysin A (11a): R¹=OH (scheme 1)

1 ml of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution was added to 9.6 mg (11.3 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) (distributed as a thin film on the glass walls of the reaction vessel) and stirring was carried out for 30 minutes at 100° C. The reaction mixture was then lyophilised and the residue was purified by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 3.9 mg (50%) of 11a and 1.6 mg (21%) of 10a were obtained.

11a:

ESI MS (1 eV): 699 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz): δ=8.15 (s, 1 H, Tuvt3-H), 5.32 (d, 1 H, Tuv5-H), 1.7 (m, 1 H, Tuv6a-H), 2.3 (m, 1 H, Tuv6b-H), 4.32 (m, 1 H, Tuv7-H), 1.8 (m, 1 H, Tuv8-H), 0.75 (d, 3 H, Tuv9-H₃), 0.95 (d, 3 H, Tuv10-H₃), 4.86 (d, 1 H, Tuv11a-H), 5.65 (d, 1 H, Tuv11b-H).

Tubulysin derivatives 12 and 13

A tubulysin derivative 12 can be prepared from a tubulysin derivative 7a by reacting 7a with acetyl chloride in triethylamine.

By starting from a tubulysin derivative of type 7 wherein T=OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵ and R⁵=methyl or ethyl, the resulting tubulysin derivative of type 12 can be hydrolysed, using ammonia, to form a tubulysin derivative of type 13.

Tubulysin A methyl ether (14a): R¹=OH (scheme 3)

500 μl of absolute ethanol and 1 mg (5.3 μmol) of p-toluenesulfonic acid were added to a solution of 10.0 mg (11.9 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) in 500 μl of absolute THF. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at 80° C. The solvent was then removed and the crude product was purified by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10). 3.1 mg (33%) of 14a were obtained.

ESI MS (1 eV): 788 [M+H]⁺

Tubulysin derivative 15

A tubulysin derivative 15 can be prepared by reducing a tubulysin derivative 7a using NaCNBH₃ and TFA in methanol.

Tubulysin derivative 16

A tubulysin derivative 16 can be prepared by acetylating a tubulysin derivative 9a using acetyl chloride in triethylamine.

Tubulysin derivative 17

A tubulysin derivative 17 can be prepared by catalytically hydrogenating a tubulysin derivative 9a in the presence of CH₃COOH/DAST using a Pd/C catalyst and elemental hydrogen.

Tubulysin derivatives 18 and 19

A tubulysin derivative 18 can be prepared by oxidising a tubulysin derivative 9a in the presence of TPAP and NMO.

The tubulysin derivative 18 obtained can be reacted with ethylmagnesium bromide to form a tubulysin derivative 19.

Tubulysin A methyl ester (20a): R²=CH₃ (scheme 6)

19.0 mg (22.5 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 300 μl of methanol, and ethereal diazomethane solution was added at room temperature on two occasions spaced 15 minutes apart. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purification of the crude product was carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 11.7 mg (61%) of 20a were obtained.

IR (KBr): {tilde over (ν)}=3383 cm⁻¹ (m), 2962 (s), 2875 (w), 1739 (vs), 1666 (vs), 1516 (s), 1227 (vs), 1091 (w); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=203 nm (4.61), 225 (4.34), 243 (sh, 4.11), 276 (sh, 3.41); DCI MS (120 eV, isobutane): 858 [M+H⁺]; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz): δ=2.43 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.06 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 3.53 (s, 3 H, Tut11-H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75 MHz): δ=175.8 (TutC1), 35.8 (TutC2), 17.6 (TutC10), 51.3 (TutC11).

Tubulysin A ethyl ester (20b): R¹=OH, R²=C₂H₅ (scheme 6)

To a solution of 5.2 mg (6.2 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) in 300 μl of dichloromethane there were added 13.5 μl (9.3 μmol) of ethanol, 1.8 mg (9.3 μmol) of EDC and 57 μl (9.3 μmol) of DMAP solution (5 mg/250 μl of CH₂Cl₂). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Purification of the crude product was then carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 1.7 mg (32%) of 20b, 0.7 mg (13%) of 25a and 1.0 mg (18%) of 20b wherein R¹=OCOCH₃ were obtained.

20b:

DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 872 [M+H]⁺; HRMS (DCI): C₄₅H₆₉N₅O₁₀S: [M+H]⁺calc.: 872.4843 (found: 872.4917): ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.58 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H, 1.19 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 4.11 (q, 2H, Tut11-H), 1.23 (t, 3 H, Tut12-H).

20b wherein R¹=OCOCH₃

R_(f) (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10): 0.51; IR (KBr): {tilde over (μ)}=3392 cm⁻¹(m), 2962 (s), 2920 (s), 2874 (w), 1736 (s), 1667 (vs), 1507 (m), 1370 (w), 1218 (s), 1195 (s); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=203 nm (4.60), 218 (4.30), 227 (sh, 4.23), 248 (sh, 3.98); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 914 [M+H⁺]; HRMS (DCI): C₄₇H₇₁N₅O₁₁S: [M+H]⁺calc.: 814.4949 found: 914.5044; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=7.29 (d, 2 H, Tut7-H), 7.02 (d, 2 H, Tut8-H), 1.20 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 4.11 (q, 2 H, Tut11-H), 1.23 (t, 3 H, Tut12-H), 2.28 (s, 3-H, Tut13-H).

Tubulysin A propyl ester (20c): R¹=OH, R²=C₃H₇ (scheme 6)

To a solution of 11.3 mg (13.4 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) in 450 μl of dichloromethane/diethyl ether (1/2) there were added 6.5 μl (67.0 μmol) of propyl iodide and 6.2 mg (26.8 μmol) of silver(I) oxide. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and then filtered over Celite, and the residue was washed with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were concentrated and purified by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 7.6 mg (64%) of 20c were obtained.

IR (KBr): {tilde over (ν)}=3387 cm⁻¹(m), 2964 (s), 2938 (m), 2876 (w), 1737 (s), 1667 (vs), 1516 (s), 1416 (m), 1370 (w), 1225 (s), 1094 (w); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=204 nm (4.64), 224 (4.39), 246 (sh, 4.12), 276 (3.60); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 886 [M+H⁺]; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.63 (m, 1 Hi Tut2-H), 1.68 (m, 1 H, Tut3a-H), 2.03 (m, 1 Hi Tut3b-H), 4.32 (m, 2 H, Tut4-H), 2.83 (m, 2 H, Tut5-H), 6.72 (d, 1 H, Tut7-H), 7.08 (d, 1 H, Tut8-H), 1.20 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 4.02 (t, 2 H, Tut11-H), 1.64 (m, 2 H, Tut12-H), 0.95 (t, 3 H, Tut13-H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ=177.9 (TutC1), 38.1 (TutC2), 38.9 (TutC3), 50.7 (TutC₁₋₄), 41.5 (TutC5), 130.0 (TutC6), 116.2 (TutC7), 131.4 (TutC8), 157.1 (TutC9), 18.4 (TutC10), 67.2 (TutC11), 23.0 (TutC12), 10.7 (TutC13).

Tubulysin A propylamide (21a): R¹=OH, R²=C₃H₇ (scheme 6)

To a solution of 4.9 mg (5.8 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) in 300 μl of dichloromethane there were added 180 μl (19.2 μmol) of EDC solution (4 mg/200 μl of CH₂Cl₂) and 36 μl (43.5 μmol) of propylamine solution (10 μl/100 μl of CH₂Cl₂). The reaction mixture was stirred for two days at room temperature. Purification was carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10) and yielded 1.0 mg (20%) of 21a.

ESI MS (1 eV): 885 [M+H⁺]; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.49 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.14 (d 3 H, Tut10-H), 3.15 (t, 2 H, Tut11-H), 1.56 (m, 2 H, Tut12-H), 0.96 (t, 3 H, Tut13-H).

Tubulysin A hexylamide (21b): R¹=OH, R²=CcH₁₃ (scheme 6)

2.8 μl (16.5 μmol) of Hünig's base were dissolved in 200 μl of absolute THF at 0° C. and 1.4 μl (11.0 μmol) of isobutyl chloroformate were added. After 5 minutes, 9.3 mg (11.0 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) dissolved in 300 μl of absolute THF were added and stirred for a further 40 minutes at 0° C. 1.6 μl (12.1 μmol) of hexylamine and 2.8 μl (16.5 μmol) of Hünig's base were then added to the reaction mixture and stirring was carried out overnight at room temperature. Purification of the crude product was carried out directly by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10) and yielded, in addition to 6.0 mg (65%) of 1, 3.6 mg (35%) of 21b.

R_(f) (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10): 0.41; IR (KBr): {tilde over (ν)}=3389 cm¹ (m), 2960 (s), 2932 (s), 2872 (w), 1743 (m), 1654 (vs), 1516 (m), 1418 (m), 1228 (s); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=204 nm (4.62), 226 (4.31), 242 (sh, 4.09), 278 (sh, 3.41); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 927 [M+H⁺]; HRMS (DCI): C₄₉H₇₈N₆0₉S: [M+H]⁺calc.: 927.5629 (found: 927.5641).

Tubulysin A benzylamide (21c): R¹=OH, R²=CH₂C₆H₅ (scheme 6)

4.5 μl (26.8 μmol) of Hünig's base were dissolved in 200 μl of absolute THF and cooled to 0° C. 2.4 μl (17.9 μmol) of chloroformic acid isobutyl ester were added to the solution and stirring was carried out for 5 minutes. Then, a solution of 10 mg (11.9 μmol) of tubulysin A in 300 μl of absolute THF was added and stirring was carried out at 0° C. After 30 minutes, 1.4 μl (13.1 μmol) of benzylamine and 3 μl (17.9 μmol) of Hünig's base were added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was purified directly by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 3.5 mg (37%) of NT19 were obtained.

R_(f) (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10): 0.40; optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=+27.2 (c 0.22, methanol); IR (KBr): {tilde over (ν)}=3383 cm⁻¹ (m), 2962 (m), 2935 (m), 2875 (w), 1742 (m), 1661 (vs), 1516 (m), 1420 (w), 1371 (w), 1227 (s), 1094 (w); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=204 nm (4.62), 224 (sh, 4.24) 246 (sh, 3.94), 277 (sh, 3.24); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): [M+H⁺]; ESI MS (1 eV): 932 [M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.54 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.64 (m, 1 H, Tut3a-H), 2.03 (m, 1 H, Tut3b-H), 4.24 (m, 1 H, Tut4-H), 2.82 (bd, 2 H, Tut5-H), 7.01 (d, 2 H, Tut7-H), 6.69 (d,

2 H, Tut8-H), 1.17 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 4.42 (dd, 2 H, Tut11-H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5 H, Tut13,14,15-H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ=187.5 (TutC1), 39.1 (TutC2), 40.3 (TutC3), 51.3 (TutC4), 41.3 (TutC5), 130.0 (TutC6), 131.4 (TutC7), 116.2 (TutC8), 157.0 (TutC9), 19.1 (TutC10), 44.2 (TutC11), 140.2 (TutC12), 128.7 (TutC13), 129.5 (TutC4), 128.1 (TutC15).

Tubulysin derivative 22

A tubulysin derivative 22 can be obtained by reducing tubulysin 1 using methyl- or ethyl-lithium to form the secondary amine.

Tubulysin derivative 23

A tubulysin derivative 23 can be obtained by amidating tubulysin 1 in the presence of EDC in methylene chloride using 1-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione.

Tubulysin derivative 24

A tubulysin derivative 24 wherein T=OR⁴, R⁴=SO₃R⁶ and R⁶=H can be obtained by reacting tubulysin 1 with pyridine-SO₃. Analogously, tubulysin 1 can be reacted with phosphoric acid dimethyl ester in the presence of iodine and pyridine in methylene chloride.

Acetyl-tubulysin A (25a): R=iso-C₄H₉, R¹=CH₃ (scheme 7)

8.9 mg of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 200 μl of absolute THF, and 8.2 μl (30.6 μmol) of acetyl chloride and 7.1 μmol) of triethylamine were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature, 1 ml of water was then added and extraction with ethyl acetate was carried out three times. The combined organic phases were concentrated and dried under a high vacuum. The crude product was purified by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 5.6 mg (62%) of 25a were obtained.

DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 886 [M+H⁺]; HRMS (DCI): C₄₅H₆₇N₅O₁₁S: [M+H]⁺calc.: 886.4636 (found: 886.4701); ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.58 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.73 (m, 1 H, Tut3a-H), 2.06 (m, I H, Tut3b-H), 4.39 (m, 1 H, Tut4-H), 2.98 (bd, 2 H, Tut5-H), 7.29 (d, 1 H, Tut7-H), 7.00 (d, 1 H, Tut8-H), 1.21 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 2.27 (s, 3 H, Tut12-H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ=181.1 (TutC1), 38.7 (TutC2), 39.4 (TutC3), 51.1 (TutC4), 41.2 (TutC5), 137.2 (TutC6), 131.4 (TutC7), 122.5 (TutC8), 150.8 (TutC9), 18.8 (TutC10), 171.2 (TutC11), 20.9 (TutC12).

Isobutyryl-tubulysin A (25b): R=iso-C₄H₉, R¹=CH(CH₃)₂ (scheme 7)

15.1 mg (17.8 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 400 μl of absolute THF, and 5.6 μl (53.4 μmol) of isobutyric acid chloride and 12.5 μl (89.0 μmol) of triethylamine were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature, 2 ml of water were then added and extraction with ethyl acetate was carried out three times. The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. Purification of the crude product was carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10) and yielded 5.3 mg (32%) of NT20.

R_(f) (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10): 0.36; optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=+11.5 (c 0.35, methanol); IR (KBr): {tilde over (ν)}=3392 cm⁻¹ (m), 2964 (m), 2936 (m), 2875 (w), 1755 (s), 1668 (vs), 1544 (w), 1508 (w), 1468 (w), 1420 (w), 1371 (w), 1227 (s), 1167 (w); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=204 nm (4.54), 223 (sh, 4.20); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): [M+H⁺]; ESI MS (1 eV): 913 [M+H)+; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.59 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.73 (m, I H, Tut3a-H), 2.07 (m, 1 H, Tut3b-H), 4.39 (m, 1 H, Tut4-H), 2.98 (bd, 2 H, Tut5-H), 6.99 (d, 2 H, Tut7-H), 7.30 (d, 2 H, Tut8-H), 1.22 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 2.82 (d, 1 H, Tut12-H),1.31 (d, 6 H, Tut13,14-H); ³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ=181.1 (TutC1), 38.7 (TutC2), 39.4 (TutC3), 51.1 (TutC4), 41.2 (TutC5), 137.2 (TutC6), 131.4 (TutC7), 122.3 (TutC8), 150.8 (TutC9), 18.8 (TutC10), 177.2 (TutC11), 35.3 (TutC12), 19.2 (TutC13,14).

Tubulysin A allyl ether allyl ester (26a): R=iso-C₄H₉, R¹=CH₂CHCH₂ (scheme 7)

To 6.0 mg (7.1 μmol) of tubulysin A (1), dissolved in 300 μl of dichloromethane/diethyl ether (1/1), there were added 6.2 μl (71.2 μmol) of allyl bromide and 6.6 mg (28.5 μmol) of silver(I) oxide and stirring was carried out overnight at room temperature. Filtration over Celite was then performed. The residue was washed with dichloromethane and the combined organic phases were concentrated. Purification of the crude product was carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10) and yielded 2.9 mg (44%) of 26a.

ESI MS (1 eV): 924 [M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ=7.17 (d, 2 H, Tut7-H), 6.86 (d, 2 H, Tut8-H), 1.22 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 4.54.6 (m, 4 H, Tut11-H, Tut14-H), 5.93 (m, 1 H, Tut12-H), 5.1-5.5 (m, 4 H, Tut13-H, Tut16-H), 6.07 (m, 1 H, Tut15-H).

Tubulysin A methyl ether methyl ester (26b): R=iso-C₄H₉, R¹=CH₃ (scheme 7)

21.7 mg (25.7 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 200 μl of methanol; ethereal diazomethane solution was added at room temperature on three occasions spaced 15 minutes apart and stirring was carried out overnight. The reaction mixture was then dried. Purification was carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10) and yielded 10.3 mg (46%) of 26 and 5.0 mg (23%) of tubulysin A methyl ester (20a).

DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 872 [M+H⁺]; HRMS (DCI): C₄₅H₆₉N₅O₁₀S: [M+H]⁺calc.: 872.4843 (found: 872.4818); ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ=2.6 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 2.86 (d, 2 H, Tut5-H), 7.17 (d, 2 H, Tut7-H), 6.85 (d, 2 H, Tut8-H), 1.19 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 3.65 (s, 3 H, Tut11-H), 3.78 (s, 3 H, Tut12-H)

Tubulysin A methyl ether (27a): R=iso-C₄H₉, R¹=CH₃ (scheme 7)

1.6 mg (1.8 μmol) of 26a (R¹=CH₃) were dissolved in 50 μl of DMSO, and 700 μl of phosphate buffer (20 mM KH₂PO₄, pH=7.3) were added. The reaction batch was placed for 5 minutes in an ultrasonic bath, 72 μl of pig liver esterase (Boehringer-Mannheim) were then added and stirring was carried out for 4 hours at 36° C. For isolation of the product, extraction was carried out with ethyl acetate three times, and the combined organic phases were dried. Purification of the crude product was carried out by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10) and yielded 0.5 mg (32%) of 27a.

DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 858 [M+H⁺]; HRMS (DCI): C₄₄H6₇N₅O₁₀S: [M+H]⁺calc.: 857.4687 (found: 858.4740); ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.8 (m, 2 H, Tut5-H), 7.19 (d, 2 H, Tut7-H), 6.84 (d, 2 H, Tut8-H), 3.78 (s, 3 H, Tut11-H).

Iodination of tubulysin A (28a, 29a): R=iso-C₄H₉, Hal=I (scheme 8)

11.0 mg (13.1 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 200 μl of methanol, and 13.0 μl of iodine monochloride solution (13.1 μmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature and then purified directly by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10). 3.1 mg (25%) of 28a and 3.9 mg (27%) of 29a were obtained in the process.

28a:

ESI MS (1 eV): 970 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ=2.58 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.71 (m, 1-H, Tut3a-H), 2.05 (m, 1-H, Tut3b-H), 4.28 (m, 1-H, Tut4-H), 2.82 (m, 2 H, Tut5-H), 7.10 (dd, 2 H, Tut7-H), 6.75 (d, 2 H, Tut8-H), 7.55 (d, 1 H, Tut12-H); ¹³C NMR (CD30D, 75 MHz): 3=181.2 (TutC1), 38.7 (TutC2), 39.5 (TutC3), 51.4 (TutC4), 40.6 (TutC5), 132.6 (TutC6), 131.5 (TutC7), 115.6 (TutC8), 156.5 (TutC9), 18.8 (TutC10), 84.4 (TutC11), 141.2 (TutC12).

29a:

ESI MS (1 eV): 1096 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 600 MHz): δ=2.58 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.73 (m, 1 H, Tut3a-H), 2.05 (m, 1 H, Tut3b-H), 4.25 (m, 1 H, Tut4-H), 2.75 (dd, 1 H, Tut5a-H), 2.86 (dd, 1 H, Tut5b-H), 7.61 (s, 2 H, Tut7, 12-H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): δ=181.1 (TutC1), 38.6 (TutC2), 39.6 (TutC3), 51.5 (TutC4), 40.1 (TutC5), 135.8 (TutC6), 141.5 (TutC7,12), 85.1 (TutC8,11), 155.2 (TutC9), 18.8 (TutC10).

Nitrotubulysin A (30a): R=iso-C₄H₉ (scheme 8)

To a solution of 12.5 mg (14.8 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) in 400 μl of ethanol there were added 100 μl of glacial acetic acid and 20.5 mg (296.6 μmol) of sodium nitrite, dissolved in 100 μl of water. The reaction mixture was stirred for two days at room temperature and was then dried under a high vacuum. The crude product was purified by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 90/10), whereupon 9.8 mg (74%) of 30 were obtained.

IR (KBr): {tilde over (ν)}=3411 cm⁻¹(m), 2962 (m), 2932 (m), 2873 (w), 1741 (s), 1666 (vs), 1539 (s), 1492 (w), 1424 (w), 1370 (w), 1223 (s); UV (MeOH): λ_(max) (Ig ε)=205 nm (4.56), 216 (sh, 4.42), 234 (sh, 4.19), 274 (3.77), 360 (3.43); DCI MS (120 eV, NH₃): 889 [M+H⁺]; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ=2.60 (m, 1 H, Tut2-H), 1.74 (m, 1 H, Tut3a-H), 2.09 (m, 1 H, Tut3b-H), 4.37 (ddd, 2 H, Tut4-H), 2.91 (dd, 1 H, Tut5a-H), 3.01 (dd, 1 H, Tut5b-H), 7.56 (dd, 1 H, Tut7-H), 7.07 (d, 1 H, Tut8-H), 1.27 (d, 3 H, Tut10-H), 7.97 (d, 1 H, Tut12-H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ=180.7 (TutC1), 38.5 (TutC2), 39.6 (TutC3), 51.0 (TutC4), 40.7 (TutC5), 132.0 (TutC6), 139.4 (TutC7), 120.8 (TutC8), 154.2 (TutC9), 18.8 (TutC10), 135.3 (TutC11), 126.5 (TutC12).

Tubulysin derivatives 31 and 32

A tubulysin derivative 31 can be obtained by catalytically reducing nitro-tubulysin A (30a) in ethanol using elemental hydrogen together with a Pd/C catalyst.

The tubulysin derivative 31 obtained can be acylated to form a tubulysin derivative 32 using acetic anhydride.

Tubulysin A N-oxide (33a): R=iso-C₄H₉ (scheme 9)

9.9 mg (11.7 μmol) of tubulysin A (1) were dissolved in 200 μl of dichloromethane; 290 μl (11.7 μmol) of m-CPBA solution (10 mg/ml of dichloromethane) were added and stirring was carried out at room temperature for 30 minutes. After the reaction mixture was reduced, purification was carried out directly by means of PLC (CH₂Cl₂ methanol 85/15), whereupon 5.2 mg (52%) of 33a were obtained.

ESI MS (1 eV): 860 [M+H]⁺.

Tubulysin derivative 34

A tubulysin derivative 34 can be obtained by treating tubulysin A N-oxide (33a) with acetic anhydride at about 75° C.

Abbreviations Abbreviation Name C₅Cl₅NF-triflate N-fluoropentachloropyridinium triflate CH₃CN acetonitrile DAST (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride DMAP dimethylaminopyridine EDC N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- carbodiimide ICl iodine monochloride m-CPBA meta-chloroperbenzoic acid Me₃SiCl trimethylchlorosilane NaCNBH₃ sodium cyanoborohydride NBS N-bromosuccinimide NMO N-methyl-morpholine N-oxide p-CH₃—C₆H₄SO₂OH para-toluenesulfonic acid TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran TPAP tetra-propylammonium perruthenate 

1. A compound of formula I (tubulysin):

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R, R¹, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and/or R¹¹=unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl-substituted phenyl R⁵=C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl or pyridyl R⁵ and/or X=C₂₋₄alkenyl R⁶=an alkali metal ion, especially the Na ion, or an alkaline earth metal ion R⁸ and/or R⁹=C₂₋₄alkenyl and/or R¹⁰=C₂₋₆alkenyl, especially C₂₋₄alkenyl, or pyridyl.
 3. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 7)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶), or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H alkyl alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H alkyl alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6):

wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially Cl ₆alkyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to ester cleavage in an acidic medium, thereby preparing the compound of the general formula I having the indicated meanings is obtained.
 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the ester cleavage is carried out in an organic solvent, especially dioxane, in the presence of an acid, especially hydrogen chloride, and/or at elevated temperature.
 5. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 8)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl aryl OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷ Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H alkyl alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₆alkyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to acetal cleavage thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the acetal cleavage is carried out in an acidic medium, especially in the presence of hydrochloric acid, and/or at elevated temperature.
 7. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 9)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl aryl COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R^(9=COR) ¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

wherein V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to ester cleavage in a weakly alkaline medium, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the ester cleavage is carried out in an organic medium, especially a hydrophilic organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, especially methanol, in the presence of a weak base, especially NH₃.
 9. A process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula I (type 10)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=H, X=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

wherein V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to double ester cleavage in a strongly alkaline medium, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the double ester cleavage is carried out in an organic medium, especially in a hydrophilic organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, especially methanol, in the presence of a strong base, especially an alkali metal hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide.
 11. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula III (type 11)

wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V with X=CH₂O bridge, W=H, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃ in the general formula according to claim 1, wherein a compound of the general formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

wherein X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to ring formation with double ester cleavage in an acidic medium, thereby preparing the compound of formula III having the indicated meanings.
 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein the ring formation is carried out in an aqueous medium, in the presence of an inorganic acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, and with heating.
 13. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 12)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵, R⁵=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=R⁵, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of formula IV (type 7):

wherein X=CH²OR⁹, R⁹=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to acylation, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the acylation is carried out using an acyl halide, especially an acyl chloride, and/or in the presence of a weak base, especially a weak organic base, preferably a tertiary amine, especially triethylamine.
 15. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 13)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH³, wherein hydrolysis is carried out in an alkaline medium on the compound of Formula I wherein T=OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵ and R⁵=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above, thereby preparing a compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the hydrolysis is carried out using ammonia.
 17. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 14)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a starting compound of formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

is subjected to ester cleavage and is alkylated, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the reaction is carried out using an alkylating agent of formula R⁹OH wherein R⁹=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl.
 19. The process according to claim 17, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of p-CH₃-C₆H₄SO₂OH in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at elevated temperature.
 20. A Process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 15)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=HV=OR⁷, R⁷=H or COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₃, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of Formula I (type 7) wherein X=CH₂, OR⁹, R⁹=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to reduction, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein the reduction is carried out using NaCNBH₃ and trifluoroacetic acid in methanol (MeOH).
 22. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 15)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H V=OR⁷, R⁷=H or COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₃, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of formula III (type 11)

is subjected to ring opening with reduction or to reduction with ring opening, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 23. The process according to claim 22, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of NaCNBH₃ and Me₃SiCl in acetonitrile (CH₃CN).
 24. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 16)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, W=H, X=CH₂, OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 9) wherein V=OR⁷ and R⁷=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to acylation, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 25. The process according to claim 24, wherein the acylation is carried out using an acyl halide of formula R⁸COCI wherein R⁸=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, especially an acyl chloride, and/or in the presence of a base, especially an organic base, preferably a trialkylamine, especially triethylamine.
 26. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 17)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=H or F, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 9) wherein V=OR⁷ and R⁷=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation or fluorination, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 27. The process according to claim 26, wherein, for V=H, the hydrogenation is carried out using palladium-on-carbon in the presence of acetic acid and, for V=F, the fluorination is carried out using DAST in tetrahydrofuran.
 28. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (type 18)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V with W=O, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 9) wherein V=OR⁷ and R⁷=H and which otherwise has the meanings indicated above is subjected to oxidation with formation of a ketones, thereby preparing a the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 29. The process according to claim 28, wherein the oxidation is carried out in the presence of TPAP and NMO in dichloromethane.
 30. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 19)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 18) is reacted with a Grignard compound to form the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 31. The process according to claim 30, wherein the reaction is carried out using an organomagnesium compound of formula WMgHaI wherein W=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl.
 32. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 19)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=H or OH, V=OR⁷, R⁷=H, W=alkyl and especially C₁₋₄alkyl, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, or alkenyl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein (i) in a first step a process according to claim 28 is carried out and then (ii) in a second step a process according to claim 30 is carried out, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 33. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 20)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₂₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to alkylation or alkenylation, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 34. The process according to claim 33, wherein the alkylation or alkenylation is carried out in the presence of EDC, R¹OH wherein R¹=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, and DMAP in methylene chloride.
 35. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 21)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=NHR¹, NH-NR¹R², NHOR¹ or NH((CH₂)₂₋₄NR¹R², R¹ and R², each independently of the other=H, alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to amination using a compound of formula RH, R having the indicated meanings, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 36. The process according to claim 35, wherein the reaction is carried out (i) in the presence of EDC in methylene chloride or (ii) in the presence of isobutyl chloroformate and triethylamine in THF.
 37. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (type 22)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or the compound of Formula I (type 13) is reacted with an organolithium compound of formula RLi having the indicated meaning for R, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 38. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 23)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=amino radical of 1-(2-amino-C₂₋₄alkyl)-pyrrole -2, 5-dione, S=U=H, T=H or OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to amination using 1-(2-amino-C₂₋₄alkyl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 39. The process according to claim 38, wherein the amination is carried out in the presence of EDC in methylene chloride.
 40. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 24)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=P(O)(OR⁶)₂ wherein R⁶=H or alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or R⁴=SO₃R⁶ wherein R⁶=H. V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H X==CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2 or 3)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is reacted with (a) a compound of formula P(O)(OR⁶)₂OH wherein R⁶=H or alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or (b) SO₃ thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 41. The process according to claim 40, wherein the variant (a) is carried out in the presence of I₂ and pyridine in methylene chloride.
 42. The process according to claim 40, wherein the variant (b) is carried out using pyridine SO₃.
 43. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 25)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=COR⁵, R⁵=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or N(R¹²)₂, R¹²,=alkyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷==COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, in which process (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2 or 3)

or (ii) the compound of Formula II (type 13) is subjected to acylation, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 44. The process according to claim 43, wherein the acylation is carried out using an acyl halide of formula R⁵COCI wherein R⁵=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, alkenyl or N(R¹²)₂ and R¹²=alkyl, especially using an acyl chloride, in the presence of an organic base, especially a trialkylamine, preferably triethylamine, in an organic solvent, especially THF.
 45. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 26)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸⁼alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2 or 3)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to alkylation, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 46. The process according to claim 45, wherein the alkylation is carried out using an alkyl iodide of formula R⁴I wherein R⁴=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl in the presence of a weak base, especially Ag₂O, in an organic solvent, especially methylene chloride.
 47. The process according to claim 45, wherein methylation is carried out using diazomethane in an organic solvent, especially methanol.
 48. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 27)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 26) is subjected to partial dealkylation or dealkenylation enzymatically, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 49. The process according to claim 48, wherein an esterase, especially pig liver esterase, is used as the enzyme.
 50. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 27)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=alkyl, especially C₁₋₄alkyl, or alkenyl, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein (a) in a first step (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2 or 3)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to a process according to claim 45, and (b) in a second step a process according to claim 48 is carried out, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 51. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 28 and 29)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H or Hal, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=Hal, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to halogenation or dihalogenation in the position ortho to the T substituent, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 52. The process according to claim 51, wherein the halogenation is carried out in the presence of C₅CI₅NF-triflate, SO₂, CI₂, NBS and ICI.
 53. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 30)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T==OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NO₂, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂, OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to nitration in the position ortho to the T substituent, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 54. The process according to claim 53, wherein the nitration is carried out using an alkali metal nitrite, especially sodium nitrite, and acetic acid in the presence of an organic solvent, especially ethanol.
 55. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 31)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NH₂, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=: H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 30) is subjected to catalytic reductions, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 56. The process according to claim 55, wherein the reduction is carried out using elemental hydrogen in the presence of palladium on activated carbon, especially in an organic solvent, preferably ethanol.
 57. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 31)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NH₂, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein (a) in a first step (i) a compound of the Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to a process according to claim 53 and (b) in a second step the resulting product (type 30) is subjected to a process according to claim 55, an thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 58. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 32)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NHR³, R³=alkyl-CO, especially C₁₋₄alkyl-CO, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair and Z=CH₃, wherein the compound of Formula I (type 31) is subjected to alkylation, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 59. The process according to claim 58, wherein the alkylation is carried out using an acid anhydride of formula (R³)₂O wherein R³=alkyl-CO, especially C₁₋₄alkyl-CO.
 60. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 32)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, U=NHR³, R³=alkyl-CO, especially C₁₋₄alkyl-CO, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein (a) in an optional first step (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to a process according to claim 53, (b) in a second step the resulting product (type 30) is subjected to a process according to claim 55 and (c) in a third step a process according to claim 58 is carried out, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 61. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 33)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=O and Z=CH₃, wherein (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to a reaction for formation of an N-oxide, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 62. The process according to claim 61, wherein the N-oxide formation is carried out using mCPBA in an organic solvent, especially methylene chloride.
 63. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (type 34)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X=CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair, Z=COR¹¹ and R¹¹=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, the compound of Formula I (type 33) is reacted with an acylating agent, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 64. The process according to claim 63, wherein the acylation is carried out using an acid anhydride, especially acetic anhydride, preferably at elevated temperature.
 65. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (type 34)

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z have the following meanings: R=H, alkyl, aryl, OR¹, NR¹R² or

R¹=H, alkyl or aryl R²=H, alkyl or aryl S=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ U=H, Hal, NO₂ or NHR³ R³=H, HCO or alkyl-CO T=H or OR⁴ R⁴=H, alkyl, aryl, COR⁵, P(O)(OR⁶)₂ or SO₃R⁶ R⁵=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl R⁶=H, alkyl or a metal ion V=H, OR⁷, Hal or (with W=O) O R⁷=H, alkyl or COR⁸ R⁸=alkyl, alkenyl or aryl W=H or alkyl or (with V) O X=H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR⁹ R⁹=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR¹⁰ R¹⁰=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl Y=(for Z=CH₃ or COR¹¹) free electron pair or (for Z=CH₃) O R¹¹=alkyl, CF₃ or aryl and/or Z=(for Y=O or free electron pair) CH₃ or (for Y=free electron pair) COR¹¹ wherein R=OR¹, R¹=H, S=U=H, T=OR⁴, R⁴=H, V=OR⁷, R⁷=COR⁸, R⁸=alkyl, preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, W=H, X==CH₂OR⁹, R⁹=COR¹⁰, R¹⁰=alkyl, especially C₁₋₆alkyl, alkenyl, especially C₂₋₆alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, Y=free electron pair, Z=COR¹¹and R¹¹=alkyl, preferably C ₁₄alkyl, especially methyl, wherein (a) in a first step (i) a compound of Formula II (type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6)

or (ii) the compound of Formula I (type 13) is subjected to a process according to claim 61 or and (b) in a second step the resulting product (type 33) is subjected to a process according to claim 63, thereby preparing the compound of formula I having the indicated meanings.
 66. A therapeutic preparation, especially a cytostatic agent, comprising one or more compounds or as active ingredient in addition to one or more optional customary carriers and/or one or more optional customary diluents.
 67. A therapeutic preparation, especially a cytostatic agent, comprising one or more products of a process according to claim 3 as active ingredient in addition to one or more optional customary carriers and/or one or more optional customary diluents.
 68. The compound according to claim 1, wherein alkyl is branched, unbranched or cyclic C₁₋₂₀alkyl, especially C₁₋₇alkyl, preferably C₁₋₈alkyl and more preferably C₁₋₄alkyl, especially methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and cycloalkyl having preferably from 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the ring.
 69. The compound according to claim 1, wherein alkenyl is branched, unbranched or cyclic C₂₋₂₀alkenyl, especially C₂₋₇alkenyl, preferably C₂₋₆alkenyl and more preferably C₂₋₄alkenyl, especially vinyl, allyl propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, but-1 -en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, but-1-en-3-yl, but-1-en-4-yl, but-2-en- 1 -yl, but-2-en-2-yl, 2methyl-propen-1-yl, 2-methyl-propen-3-yl, and cycloalkenyl having preferably from 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the ring and the number of double bonds in the alkenyl groups being from 1 to
 3. 70. The compound according to claim 1, wherein aryl is phenyl, naphthyl and biphenylyl.
 71. The compound according to claim 1, wherein heteroaryl is furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl or pyrimidinyl.
 72. The compound according to claim 1, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted and, especially, carry, in any position, from 1 to 3 substituents from the group formed by C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, hydroxy, amino (NH₂) and nitro (NO₂). 